The effect of lightning-induced electromagnetic waves on the electron temperatures in the lower ionosphere
Keywords:
Lower Ionosphere, Electron Temperature, Lightning, Magnetic Field, EM WavesAbstract
In this study, the heating of the nighttime lower ionosphere due to electromagnetic radiation in the Very Low Frequency (VLF) band that are transmitted by cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning return strokes is investigated. For this purpose, the temperature of electrons in the lower ionosphere is calculated by using the electron energy balance equation, which is obtained by using Maxwellian distribution. In the result of calculations, in the 10 V/m of the electrical field for all modes of EM wave, it was observed that the electron temperatures increased by about 9000-11000 K at an altitude of about 85 -90 km. With an increase in the electric field, it was observed that the altitude where the maximum temperatures were reached shifted higher. The Right-Handed mode of the EM wave unlike the other modes was not return based-state to an altitude of 95 -100 km. To fully determine the effect of lightning induced electromagnetic waves on the lower ionosphere, considering the effects of polarized modes (Right and Left) can also provide more information about this region.
References
Belova, E., Pashin, A. & Lyatsky, W. 1995. Passage of a powerful HF radio wave through the lower ionosphere as a function of initial electron density profiles, Jounal of Atmospheric Solar-Terrestrial Physics 57 (3): 265-272.
Canyılmaz, M., Atıcı, R. & Güzel, E. 2013. The Effect of Earth's Magnetic Field on the HF Radio Wave Modes at the Heated Subionosphere, Acta Physica Polania A 123: 786-790.
Cho, M. & Rycroft, M. 1998. Computer simulation of the electric field structure and optical emission from cloud-top to the ionosphere, Jounal of Atmospheric Solar-Terrestrial Physics 60: 871–888.
Cho, M. & Rycroft, M. J. 2001. Non-uniform ionisation of the upper atmosphere due to the electromagnetic pulse from a horizontal lightning discharge, Jounal of Atmospheric Solar-Terrestrial Physics 63: 559–580.
Dogan, N. 2013. Numerical solution of chaotic Genesio system with multi-step Laplace Adomian decomposition method. Kuwait Journal of Science, 40(1), 109-121.
Güzel, E., Atıcı, R. & Canyılmaz, M. 2011. The Effect of Dıfferent Modes of HF Radio Wave to The Electron Temperature in Vertical Propagation at Subionosphere, E- Journal of New World Science Academy 6(3): 69–79 (InTurkish).
Gokdogan, A., & Merdan, M. 2013. Adaptive multi-step differential transformation method to solve ODE systems. Kuwait Journal of Science, 40(1), 33-35.
Inan, U.S., Bell, T. & Rodriguez, J. 1991. Heating and ionization of the lower ionosphere by lightning, Geophysical Research Letters 18: 705-708.
Inan, U. S. & Gołkowski, M. 2010. Principles of plasma physics for engineers and scientists. Cambridge University Press, USA
Karakoc, S. B. G., Ucar, Y., & Yağmurlu, N. 2015. Numerical solutions of the MRLW equation by cubic B-spline Galerkin finite element method. Kuwait Journal of Science, 42(2), 141-159.
Kero, A., Bösinger, T., Pollari, P., Turunen, E. & Rietveld, M. 2000. First EISCAT measurement of electron-gas temperature in the artificially heated D-region ionosphere, Annals of Geophysics 18: 1210-1215.
Marshall, R.A., Inan, U.S. & Chevalier, T.W. 2008. Early VLF perturbations caused by lightning EMP-driven dissociative attachment, Geophysical Research Letters 35: L21807, doi:10.1029/2008GL035358.
Marshall, R. A. & Inan, U.S. 2010. Two-dimensional frequency-domain modeling of lightning-induced perturbations to VLF transmitter signals, Journal of Geophysical Research 115: A00E29, doi:10.1029/2009JA014761.
Marshall, R.A. 2012. An improved model of the lightning electromagnetic field interaction with the D‐region ionosphere, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 117(A3): 1978–2012.
Mika, A. 2007. Very Low Frequency EM Wave Studies of Transient Luminous Events in the Lower Ionosphere, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
Mirzaee, F., Bimesl, S., & Tohidi, E. 2016. A numerical framework for solving high-order pantograph-delay Volterra integro-differential equations. Kuwait Journal of Science, 43(1), 69-83.
Nagano, I., Yagitani, S., Miyamura, K. & Makino, S. 2003. Full-wave analysis of elves created by lightning-generated electromagnetic pulses, Jounal of Atmospheric Solar-Terrestrial Physics 65(5): 615–625.
Richards, J.A., 2008. Radio Wave Propagation: An Introduction for the Non-specialist. Springer.
Rietveld, M., Kopka, H. & Stubbe, P. 1986. D region characteristics deduced from pulsed ionospheric heating under auroral electrojet conditions, Jounal of Atmospheric Solar-Terrestrial Physics 48 (4): 311-326.
Rodriguez, J.V., Inan, U.S. & Bell, T.F. 1992. D region disturbances caused by electromagnetic pulses from lightning, Geophysical Research Letters 19: 2067-2070.
Rodriguez, J.V. 1994. Modification of the Earth's Ionosphere by Very-Low-Frequency Transmitters, Ph.D. Thesis, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
Rowland, H., Fernsler, R., Huba, J. & Bernhardt, P. 1995. Lightning driven EMP in the upper atmosphere, Geophysical Research Letters 22(4): 361–364.
Rowland, H., Fernsler, R.F. & Bernhardt, P.A. 1996. Breakdown of the neutral atmosphere in the D region due to lightning driven electromagnetic pulses, Journal of Geophysical Research 101(A4): 7935–7945.
Schunk, R.W. & Nagy, A.F. 2004. Ionospheres: physics, plasma physics, and chemistry, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Taranenko, Y.N., Inan, U.S. & Bell, T. 1993. The interaction with the lower ionosphere of electromagnetic pulses from lightning: excitation of optical emissions, Geophysical Research Letters 20: 2675-2678.
Veronis, G., Pasko, V.P. & Inan, U.S. 1999. Characteristics of mesospheric optical emissions produce by lightning discharges, Journal of Geophysical Research 104(A6): 12,645–12,656.
